Monday, June 1, 2009

What does Purandara mean?

I am having a doubt from a very very long time about the word Purandara. Purandara is believed to be the Hindu god "Indra". Purandara is also used many times with Vittala as in "Purandara Vittala". Also there was a great saint in the vijayanagara empire by name "Purandara Dasa" who championed the Bhakti movement in Karnataka in the 15 century A.D.

But i am not able to decipher the meaning of Puradara. For me its Pura+Dara. As far as i know (of course i have no knowledge of sanskrit(assuming the word is from sanskrit)), Pura means city and dara means destroyer, so purandhara means destroyer of cities. Is my understanding correct? If so why is god given such a negative name? If i am wrong, what is the actual meaning of purandhara?

To find the answer to this problem (ಜಿಜ್ಞಾಸೆ). I tried finding the solution from first principles. I referred few books and asked a number of people. Below are the set of answers i got/found.
1) The actual meaning of Purandara is indeed destroyer of cities
2)Purandara is given as a name of Indra as destroyer of strongholds.A link is still needed between him and Vittala.

3)"The Aryans were vigorous nomadic people. They entered India not as invaders but as peaceful emigrants, with their flocks of cattle, their household goods and gods. Soon however , they seem to have come into conflict with people living in fortified areas (Puras and Durgas)under their own kings and chiefs. The rig Veda itself speaks of hundred pillared forts of enemies that the aryans had to contend with. Many of the hyms of the Vedas are addressed to the gods for assistance in fighting these enemies and it is significant that the high god of the Vedas, Indra, is described as purandara, the shaker of cities. There is also an interesting statement about an attack on a hundred towns of an aboriginal king ( Source:Panikkar K.M. "A survey of Indian History". PP 6.)

( If this argument is to be accepted then we can say that, the high god of Vedas destroyed cities, caused harm to people and used force to drive out aboriginal people.( However we still do not know if the original people were causing any harm to the invaders.) In the modern context, if this theory is to be accepted,then Israelis are doing no harm to Palestine. If gods in Vedas can drive out aboriginal people then why cant Israel? This however is moving away from the original context. Why god is given a negative name(Assuming aboriginals were not causing harm))

4)Human body is also called pura. (Humans are referred to as Purushas because of this meaning.) Hence, Purandara means Destroyer of body. The Jeeva in a body is surrounded by many layers – External one or the first one being Sthoola deha or Physical body, and the last layer which is a cover attached to the jeeva called Linga deha.Jeeva is subjected to rebirths, everytime acquiring new physical bodies.The other layer Linga deha is kind of permanently attached to the jeeva and will move from birth to birth along with the jeeva.When the Linga deha is removed or destroyed the Jeeva is liberated and attains moksha. The destroyer of pura, the body thus liberates the Jeeva or grants moksha. Thus Purandara is a name of God, the moksha-dayaka(giver). The meaning is not negative when you look at it as granter of the greatest of wishes.(Purandara dasaru is poet saint who has called himself dasa (servant) of the God (Purandara).

This argument opens the Pandora's box and raises many controversies. In this sense god becomes self contradictory. Why at all should he create lives and grant them moksha? Should he create life in the first place and make people long for moksha? Why people go and pray to purandara if they don't get married or don't have children? Purandara in this sense of the term is supposed to be the destroyer of of body and liberator of souls. These questions can go on. Concept of moksha can be pulled on into many controversies. Moksha actually means liberation from the cycle of birth and death. I shall revisit this concept some other time. (If everyone in this world genuinely believe that the idea or purpose of life is to get Moksha, then the world must stop procreating. In that way, every couple will be helping one atma(linga deha) to get moksha.)

5)In Vishnusahasranama, 335th nama is Purandara. Its meaning is recorded as “He is the destroyer of cities. He is “Purandara” because He destroyed the cities of Asuras. He destroys the bodies of the souls, or the covering of the soul by what is called “Lingadeha” and grants salvation. He destroyed Hiranyakashipu and saved His devotee Prahlada. (This meaning is found in the book by Aralu mallige Parthasarathy).

6) Puram darayati iti purandarah. In tripura samharam (Destruction of three Cities of gold, silver and Iron belonging to Tarakasura's children Vidhyunmaali, Taarakaksha and Kamalaaksha respectively) by Siva, Bhagavan Vishnu became the arrow for Siva, and in addition, being the antaryami for him, helped in the destruction of the three cities. Since, Vishnu was the arrow that destroyed these cities, He (Vishnu) got the name "Puran-dhara" [Source "Puramoru munrerittu" - tiruvai mozhi1.1.8 (Sr V.V.Ramanujan)].  

7) Sri Raadhakrishna Sastri points out that the term puram is also used to refer to the three Sariras viz. the sthula,sukshma, and karaaa sariras. He is purandara because he has torn apart these three and is the Atma beyond these three Sariras.

Looking at the above versions, one thing is definitely correct. Certainly the name Purandara is used in the destroyer/destructor sense of the term. God has done and is doing many benevolent acts, but i do not know why a name used in a destructive sense has become one of the popular names of god.

The discussions took me to a kannada professor one day who altogether refuted the the destroyer meaning in "dara" of word "Purandara". He was of the opinion that purandara is "Sustainer or holder of cities" . He compared this with Muralidhara (One who wears/holds the flute).

Yet to find a convincing answer!!! The ಜಿಜ್ಞಾಸೆ continues.



16 comments:

  1. In response to "Purandara" written by you-for further study and enlightenment, please refer "The Aryan Invasion Theory and Indian Nationalism" by Shrikanth Talageri (Rs 150.00/- Voice of India) available at Rashrothana Book Stall near Uma Talkies. This is for your kind information.

    With Best Wishes,
    Yours Affectionately,
    -Dr.Bhagirath.S.N

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    1. aryan invasion theory is fake.. it is proved

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  2. you have done good research ..let me remind u some thing. do you think meaning of shashidara is destroyer of shashi(chandra).. actually in kannada it means one who wear it on his head. purus means human . it means one who wear human form(advita) .it may refer to one & only supreme god.

    manjesh
    mysore

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  3. Dear Mr. Sunil,

    I stumbled upon your post when searching for the origin of the name of Shivaji's fort Purandar near Pune.

    You are right in guessing the meaning of Purandar as "the destroyer of strongholds", and the origin of the word is in Sanskrit. पुर means city and दर comes from the verbal root दॄ which means to break, or split.

    Interestingly, people tend to confuse the sound of द and ध quite often. Fort Purandar is often referred to as पुरंधर. That completely changes the meaning of the word as धर comes from the verbal root धृ which means to carry or support. Hence पुरंधर would mean "supporter/preserver of cities".

    On the same note, Shiva is called शशिधर because he supports the moon on his head. If you mess up the sounds of द and ध, you will get शशिदर, the destroyer of the moon. I don't recount seeing the name शशिदर in any mythological stories or texts. Perhaps, one may call Raahuu as शशिदर because he is said to swallow the moon (during a lunar-eclipse)!

    Atul Ingle

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    1. Thank you Mr. Sunil... You are generous in your response. I was thinking the same thing... Conflating and Confusing Purandar with Purandhara is intentionally misleading, I think...

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  4. Purandara is the current holder of Indra post in Vivasvata Manvantara. Bali Chakravati will be the next to occupy the Indra post in the next Manvantara. Therefore, Purandra does not mean Indra

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  5. Hi guys, for the realization of the ultimate truth regarding any scripture or the vedas we need to accept it as it is and as it comes, lets pleas cut the crap of the Aryans invasion against the non Aryans, it is true that the india has been invaded by many outside races but the fact that none of them have succeeded in permanently remaining in the memories or the power in India.... starting with Huns, yavanas, Arabs, Turks and Europeans etc.... actually they are even rejected as being barbarians & uncultured... and even if the clans of Indra were Aryans who came from west, why are they being praised in Vedas and why is Sanskrit is still the language of scholars today...? and not urdu...!!? and why does the vedic scholers of india themselves don't actually agree with the theories of the western scholars...!!?
    This all makes clear the fact that the westerners actually want to see and analyse the historical facts by their own skewed limited standards....!! and outlooks...?? and finally write a footnote "UNRESOLVED", "MYSTERIOUS"...!! and the file is closed....!!!
    Purandhara indeed means that the one who destroys & demolishes the cities or strongholds of the vrithra the main enemy of indra in vedas, accepting the reality that there is no accepted date or timeline to decide when did the events of the vedas happened or took place and indeed knowing the fact that the indian scholers are not going to reveale the knowledge of vedas completely (there is indeed a loss of these learned scholers) to anyone....!! we could only take a shot in the dark of the past, by assuming that the aryans were natives of india and that the puras of vrithra were indeed built by the western invaders who came to india to put a clain and to rule over the vast civilized world of india who might have excelled in the art of building the forts/ strong holds, and ruling from there, seeing the fact that indians were never materialistic...!!
    I am here only putting my theories by assuming that the human civilization was still at that time in its beginning form and taking shape...
    so this war was indeed a fierce fight between the east and west about who will finally dictate the rules of civilization... and how should the people behave themselves, materilism vs spiritualism in which indra was finally able to brake the great fortress built by the vrithra and uphold the eastern spiritual life style for his people and thus 'PURANDHARA'.

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  6. Indra was like Zeus, head god of Greeks, with the weapon of thunder. He was also like Israel god Jehovah who also destroyed forts. These all are different manifestations of Pride-Devil, rebels against Love-God Heavenly Father, who is revealed by Christ alone.

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  7. Purandhara it is.
    Pura means anything and everything.. may it be worlds, bodies, nature and anything for that matter.
    It is Vishnu who is a collection of everything which means he is the shelter to everything and everyone., so Purandhara is the one who holds all entities that is Purandhara means Vishnu

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  8. Might it help that the opposite of Purandhara, in my guess is Duradhara, meaning holding a burden or something heavy (Verse 8, shiva tandava stotram) So, could Purandhara mean something else?

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    1. There are a lot of Indian names like Sridara, shashidara.. Etc all in which dara means holder or processor of sri(wealth) /shashi(moon).so why only in purandara it should mean destroyer. I feel the word has been assigned a convenient meaning to support the Aryan invasion theory that never happened. It should actually mean the holder of the fort. In actuality sanskrit is highly metaphorical pura can mean everything we live in. ie our body, home, area, Fort world etc.. And moreover no major forts existed in the Indus-saraswathi civilization. It is the western/Greek ideolog's influence to believe there were strong fortifications and were destroyed some day.

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  9. in this blog, it is said that God creates and gives moksh to jeevas. It is contradictory ?
    questions can go on ?? no . the right answer is He created jeevas and they enjoy with Him at start.Those who denies to serve lord or want to become master not servant of lord are kept in this prison Means material world. so we all bounded jeevas are having tendency to compete lord. as soon as we admit that we r insignificant and must serve lord, devotional service begins. This is s famous concept *** Back To Godhead **** back means again.search this Back to godhead on google

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  10. Aniruddha Seva dasa.August 13, 2020 at 7:22 AM

    Purandara is referred to Sri Krishna. It means one who is the deliverer or liberator of surrendered souls or his dear devotees. He is the giver of mukti or liberation from this terrible earthly planet, a place full of misery and temporary happiness.

    Most common heard conjoined name is Purandara viTTala. This happens to be the ankita nAma or pen name given to Sri Purandara dasa, by his guru Sri Vyasa Thirtha Swmamiji.

    I hope I have explained it the best of my limited knowledge. I welcome any addendum or corrections to my above understanding.

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  11. One who knows the difference between Dara and Dhara will understand the meaning.

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  12. Hi, Nice Enquiry:

    "dara: in sanskrit means - in fine compositi or 'at the end of a compound' , cleaving, breaking like purandara, purandaradasa etc.

    "dhara" in sanskrit means -bearing, supporting like Giridhar, Muralidhar, Sasidhar etc.

    It is improper to write purandara as purandhara.Both ahave different meaning.Best.

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  13. Each name in Vishnusahasranama has 100 meanings.Hence name Purandara also has 100 meanings

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